Trade-offs and compromises in multifunctional landscapes:
simultaneously maintaining high levels of pollinator communities, pollination service, and profit?

F1 – Pollinator Community

This function reflects the richness and abundance of pollinator species in the landscape. Higher values indicate landscapes that better sustain diverse pollinator communities, which are essential for maintaining ecological resilience and pollination services.

F2 – Pollination Service

This function captures the actual pollination contribution to crop production. Higher scores indicate greater effectiveness of pollinators in supporting yields, showing how ecological management links directly to farm productivity.

F1 + F2

This combined index balances both biodiversity (pollinator community) and the service they provide (pollination). It highlights trade-offs where landscapes may favor one aspect over the other, or synergies where both are enhanced together.

F1 + F3

Here, pollinator community size (F1) is combined with semi-natural grassland area (F3). This combination shows the role of landscape structure in sustaining pollinators, emphasizing how habitat availability and biodiversity interact.

F2 + F3

This pairing highlights the relationship between pollination service and semi-natural grassland cover. It shows how maintaining grassland habitats can indirectly support crop production through improved pollination.

F1 + F2 + F3

This composite function integrates biodiversity, pollination service, and semi-natural grasslands simultaneously. It represents multifunctionality, showing how well landscapes maintain ecological integrity while also contributing to agricultural production.